Main Points
There were 45,067 live births registered in 2025, 696 fewer than in 2024. This is the lowest annual total since records began in 1855, and is the third year in a row with a record low number of births.
Scotland’s total fertility rate fell to 1.23, down from 1.24 in 2024. This is the lowest total fertility rate since the start of our published time series in 1951. ‘Total fertility rate’ represents the average number of children that a group of females would expect to have, per female. For a population to replace itself, this rate would need to be around 2.1, if there was no migration.
There were 340 adoptions in 2025, down from 369 in 2023 and 2024. 44% of adoptions included a step-parent.
There were 61,726 deaths registered in 2025, 0.9% less than in 2024. The total number of deaths was 6.3% lower than the number expected. Expected death estimates are based on historic data, and are currently classified as Official Statistics in Development.
In 2025 there were 16,659 more deaths than births. There have been more deaths than births in Scotland each year since 2014, and the gap has generally widened since then.
The age-standardised mortality rate, which takes into account the size and age structure of the population, was 1,074 per 100,000 people in 2025, the lowest since the start of our published time series in 1994.
There were 188 stillbirths in 2025, a rate of 4.2 for every thousand live and still births. This is an increase from 159 stillbirths in 2024, which was the joint lowest stillbirth rate for any year (3.5), and is still low historically.
There were 150 infant deaths in 2025, a rate of 3.3 for every thousand live births in 2025. This was a decrease from a rate of 3.5 in 2024
In 2025, Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease was the most common leading cause of death, accounting for 10.8% of all deaths in Scotland, closely followed by ischaemic heart diseases (10.6%). Groupings for leading causes of death are based on a list compiled by ONS. Different types of cancers are grouped separately, but if they were combined together, the figures for cancers would be substantially higher than for Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
There were 27,191 marriages in Scotland in 2025, 236 more than in 2024. Of these, 1,108 (4%) were same-sex marriages, and 26,083 (96%) were mixed-sex marriages.
There were 944 civil partnerships registered in 2025, the highest number since 2006 (the first full year where civil partnerships were available), and an increase of 148 from 796 in 2024. Of these, 82% were for mixed-sex couples.
Provisional vital events statistics have been released throughout the last year on a weekly, monthly and quarterly basis. This release replaces these and provides the final statistics for vital events registered in Scotland from 1 January to 31 December 2025.
This publication contains rates that use population as a denominator. These rates were calculated using the mid-2025 population estimates. Rates by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) in table 3.17 for 2025 were calculated using the mid-2024 small area population estimates, as these are the most up to date small area population estimates available at the time of publication. In future releases, rates will be revised using updated population estimates published in line with NRS’ planned approach to revisions.
Population estimates for mid-2023 and mid-2024 were updated to reflect updated estimates of long-term international migration; these updated estimates were published in July 2026. Rates within this publication for 2023 and 2024 have been updated in this publication using these revised estimates and may differ from those published in previous editions of this publication.
Adoptions
There were 340 adoptions in 2025, 29 fewer than the 369 adoptions in 2024. The annual number of adoptions has been decreasing since the 1960s. The number of adoptions this year was less than a sixth of the 1960s peak of 2,268, which was the highest annual number recorded since an all-time high of 2,292 in 1946. (table 2.01).
The majority of adoptions in 2025 were by adopters with no relation to the child at 54%, followed by step-parents at 44%. In 2025, 46% of adoptions were for children aged 0 to 4, 21% were for children aged 5 to 9, and 33% were for children aged 10 and over (table 2.02).
Births
Figure 1 – There were 45,067 live births registered in 2025, the lowest annual total since records began in 1855
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There were 45,067 live births registered in 2025, which was 696 fewer than in 2024. This was the lowest annual total since records began in 1855. It is the third year in a row where births have reached a record low.
In 2025 there were 23,087 baby boys and 21,980 girls. The most popular names for baby boys and baby girls born in 2025 were Noah and Freya respectively. See our baby names publication for more baby name statistics (webpage).
51.0% of births were to unmarried parents. Multiple births accounted for 1.4% of all maternities, with 602 maternities involving twins and 8 involving triplets or more. (Table 1.01b)
The age profile of mothers has changed over time. In the 1960s, the majority of births were to mothers in their twenties. From the mid-1970s onwards, the proportion of births to mothers in their thirties began to increase. Since 2010, the most common age at which mothers gave birth has been 30 to 34, with 36.8% of births in 2025 being to mothers in this age group, an all-time high proportion. The number of births to mothers aged under 20 has fallen over time, with this group accounting for 2.4% of births in 2025. In 2025, the average age of mothers was 31.4 years and average age of fathers was 33.7 years (table 3.15)
Figure 2 – Fertility rates have been highest among women aged 30-34 since the mid-2000s
Age-specific fertility rates, 1951 – 2025
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The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 population (where the population is the total population: men, women and children). It is of limited value for comparisons, because it takes no account of the age/sex structure of the population.
The General Fertility Rate (GFR) is the number of live births per 1,000 women of child-bearing age (for the purpose of calculating the rate, ‘child-bearing age’ is taken as ages 15-44, inclusive). This is better for comparisons than the crude birth rate, but could be affected by this could be affected by things such as changes in the proportion of women of child-bearing age who are in the peak child-bearing years.
The total fertility rate is the average number of children that a group of females would expect to have if they experienced the observed age specific fertility rates in each of their childbearing years.
In 2025, the total fertility rate fell to the lowest recorded level at 1.23 (table 3.04). For a population to replace itself, this figure needs to be around 2.1, if there was no migration.
Total fertility rates were lowest in the city council areas. The City of Edinburgh had the lowest total fertility rate of 0.94, followed by Aberdeen City and Glasgow City, both at 1.03. East Renfrewshire had the highest total fertility rate at 1.64 , followed by Shetland Islands at 1.60 and East Dunbartonshire at 1.51 (table 3.16). Broken down by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD), the most deprived quintile had the highest fertility rate of 1.35 and the least deprived quintile had the lowest rate of 1.16 (Table 3.17).
Almost half of all births in 2025 (47%) were to mothers who had had no previous live births. 35% were to mothers with 1 previous live birth, and 2% were to mothers who had 4 or more previous live births. Younger mothers were generally more likely to have had no previous live births than older mothers. The only exception to this trend was for mothers aged 45 and over, who were more likely to have had no previous births than mothers aged 35 to 44 (Table 3.18).
Stillbirths and Infant Deaths
Figure 3 – At 4.2 stillbirths per 1,000 births, the stillbirth rate in 2025 is up from the joint lowest rate ever recorded (3.5) in 2024
Stillbirth and Infant Death Rates, 1971 – 2025
Note: Stillbirth rates are calculated per 1,000 live and still births. Infant deaths, neonatal and post-neonatal death rates are calculated per 1,000 live births.
On 1 October 1992 the Still-Birth (Definition) Act 1992 came into force, altering the definition of a stillbirth to 24 or more weeks completed gestation, instead of 28 or more weeks completed gestation
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A stillbirth is a baby born after 24 or more weeks completed gestation and which did not, at any time, breathe or show signs of life. On 1 October 1992 the Still-Birth (Definition) Act 1992 came into force, altering the definition of a stillbirth to 24 or more weeks completed gestation, instead of 28 or more weeks completed gestation
Perinatal deaths refer to stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life.
Infant deaths refer to all deaths occurring in the first year of life. They are split into neonatal deaths and post-neonatal deaths:
There were 188 stillbirths in 2025, a rate of 4.2 for every thousand live and still births. This is an increase from 159 stillbirths in 2024, which was the joint lowest stillbirth rate for any year (3.5), and is still low historically.
There were 150 infant deaths, a rate of 3.3 for every thousand live births in 2025. This was a decrease from a rate of 3.5 in 2024. Infant deaths can be split into neonatal deaths (deaths in the first 4 weeks), and post-neonatal deaths (deaths from 4 weeks to 1 year). There were 98 neonatal deaths and 52 post-neonatal deaths registered in 2025 (Table 4.01). The rate of neonatal deaths decreased from 2.4 per 1,000 live births in 2024 to 2.2 in 2025, and the rate of post-neonatal deaths increased from 1.1 in 2024 to 1.2 in 2025.
All deaths
The number of deaths registered in 2025 was 61,726, around 1% lower than the number in 2024 (62,291). In 2025 there were 16,659 more deaths than births. This measure is sometimes called “natural change”. The last time Scotland had more births than deaths was in 2014, and the gap has generally widened since then.
Age-standardised mortality rates are calculated using mid-year population estimates, meaning the rates calculated using these figures are also estimates. A confidence interval is a measure of the statistical precision of an estimate and shows the range of uncertainty around the estimated figure. They are based on the lower and upper 95% confidence limits for the age-standardised mortality rates. 95% confidence intervals are calculated so that, if the analysis to produce an estimate was repeated many times, 95% of the time the true unknown value would lie between the lower and upper confidence limits.
In this report, confidence intervals are quoted in brackets beside central estimates. The plus-minus sign, ±, indicates the difference between the central estimate and the upper and lower limits of the confidence interval.
As a general rule, if the confidence interval around one figure overlaps with the interval around another, we cannot say for certain that the difference between figures is statistically significant. Council areas with smaller populations tend to have wider confidence intervals, indicating a greater amount of uncertainty their true value. For this reason, care must be taken when comparing age-standardised mortality rates between areas.
In 2025, the age-standardised mortality rate for Scotland was the lowest since the start of our published time series in 1994, at 1,074 (±8) per 100,000 people. Age-standardised mortality was higher for males at 1,238 (±13) per 100,000 compared to females at 935 (±10) per 100,000 (table 5.05).
Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) are used to allow comparisons between populations that may contain different proportions of people of different ages.
They are a better measure of mortality than numbers of deaths. They account for the population size and age structure and provide more reliable comparisons between groups or over time.
They are calculated using the 2013 European Standard Population (ESP2013) after taking account of changes in the distribution by age of the Scottish population.
More information on the calculation of age-standardised mortality rates is available on our website: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/media/onogder1/age-standardised-deaths-methodology.pdf.
In 2025, Glasgow City was the council area with the highest age-standardised mortality rate of 1,344 (±32) per 100,000 people, followed by 1,282 (±71) for West Dunbartonshire, and 1,276 (±59) for East Ayrshire. East Renfrewshire had the lowest age-standardised mortality rate of 779 (±49), followed by 819 (±101) for Orkney Islands, and 848 (±46) for East Dunbartonshire (table 5.07).
Excess deaths
Excess deaths is the difference between the observed number of deaths in a period and the number that would have been expected based on historical data. Estimates produced by the current method are classified as Official Statistics in Development. Information about future improvements to the method can be found in a blog by the ONS (webpage).
Figure 4 – Deaths in 2025 were below expected levels for the second year in a row
Deaths, expected and excess deaths 2011-2025
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The total number of deaths in 2025 was 6.3% lower than the expected number of deaths. This is the second year in a row where deaths were below expected levels, following four consecutive years in which the number of deaths was between 0.3% to 9.4% above expected levels (figure 4). The model used to calculate expected deaths takes into account the growing and ageing population, as well as recent trends in mortality rates.
Deaths were lower than expected levels for all age groups in 2025, the same as in 2024. Deaths were 5.6% lower than expected for those aged 0 to 64 and those in the 65 to 79-year age group, and 7.1% lower than expected for those aged 80 and over.
Breaking excess deaths down by both sex and age group, the lower than expected number of deaths in the 0-to-65 age group is driven by lower excess deaths for females within this age group. Excess death levels for females varied from 4.3% lower than expected for females aged 65 to 69, to 9.6% lower for females aged 0 to 64. Males aged 80 and over had the lowest excess death levels for males at 6.8% lower than expected, compared to 2.9% lower for males aged 0 to 64 age group. (Table 5.11).
Figure 5 – Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease was the leading cause of death in 2025, followed by Ischaemic heart disease
Leading causes of death, 2025
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In 2025, Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease was the most common leading cause of death, accounting for 10.8% of all deaths in Scotland, closely followed by ischaemic heart diseases (10.6%). Groupings for leading causes of death are based on a list compiled by ONS: Leading causes of death in England and Wales (revised 2016) - Office for National Statistics (webpage). Different types of cancers are grouped separately, but if they were combined together, the figures for cancers would be substantially higher than for Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Leading causes of death vary when broken down by age and sex, as shown in table 6.15.
In 2025, deaths caused by influenza (ICD10 codes: J09-J11) almost doubled from the previous year, from 403 deaths in 2024 to 773 in 2025. This is partly due to the earlier peak in the 2025/2026 flu season, which meant that 2025 contained peaks for two flu seasons instead of just one.
More detailed data on cause of death can be found in the Chapter 6 tables.
Marriages and Civil Partnerships
There were 27,191 marriages in Scotland in 2025, 236 more than in 2024. Of these, 1,108 (4%) were same-sex marriages, and 26,083 (96%) were mixed-sex marriages (Table 1.01b)
The average age of people getting married has been increasing since the 1990s. During the 1980s, the average age for females was 26.6 years and for males was 28.9 years. In 2025, the average age for females was 38.1 years and for males was 40.2 years.
Average age at marriage varies by the marital status of each party. Unmarried (never married) individuals marrying other unmarried individuals had the lowest mean age at marriage (32.8 for females and 34.5 for males), and widow(er)s marrying other widow(er)s had the highest mean age at marriage (67.7 for females and 71.6 for males).
Figure 6 – The number of Church of Scotland marriages has been decreasing since the late 1960s. Since the pandemic, there have been more other religions and beliefs (including Humanist) ceremonies than civil ceremonies.
Marriages by method of celebration, 1971 – 2025
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In 2025, 12,388 or 46% of marriages were civil ceremonies. Almost all of the remaining marriages were carried out by religious and other belief bodies, including Humanist. A full list of denominations is available in Table 7.07.
There were 944 civil partnerships registered in 2025, the highest number since 2006. Civil partnerships were introduced in December 2005, and many couples who had been waiting to register did so in 2006, so the figure for 2006 is particularly high. There have been much smaller numbers of same-sex civil partnerships from 2015 onwards after the legalisation of same-sex marriage, and there has been a continued increase in the number of civil partnerships each year from 2021, when changes to legislation allowed mixed-sex civil partnerships.
Following mixed-sex civil partnerships becoming available in 2021, most civil partnerships in Scotland have been for mixed-sex couples, at 82% in 2025. The number of mixed-sex civil partnerships has increased each year since 2021, reaching a new high of 778 in 2025. The number of same-sex civil partnerships has been increasing since 2021, but numbers are still much lower compared to pre-2014 levels.
Background to these statistics
National Records of Scotland collects the underlying data for this publication each day, as and when each event is registered. To produce these statistics, validation and quality assurance checks are run on these data. From these checks, further information may be requested from the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service and local Registration offices for some cases and the data are amended accordingly. Once the data have passed these checks, they are frozen and used to produce these statistics. These final figures supersede the provisional weekly, monthly and quarterly figures already published.
These figures are directly comparable with those for other parts of the UK, as there are no significant differences across the UK in how Vital Events data are collected and processed. Vital events statistics for England, Wales, and the UK are available on the Office for National Statistics website (webpage). Vital events statistics for Northern Ireland and be found on the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency website (webpage).
The tables for this publication are organised into topic chapters. Each chapter contains a covering page and notes page which contain information relating to the tables in that chapter. Further information about data sources, methods, definitions and reliability of these statistics can be found in our background note collections:
Information about our statistics
Accredited Official Statistics
These statistics are designated as Accredited Official Statistics. More information about Official Statistics can be found on the statistics governance and consultation page.
The method used to calculate excess deaths was introduced in February 2024 and has been adopted by statistical agencies across the UK. More information about this can be found in the methodology paper on the ONS website (webpage). Estimates of excess deaths produced by the new methodology will be labelled as Official Statistics in Development while further review, testing and development work is undertaken.
We also provide information about upcoming publications on our website.
If you would like receive updates on our statistics, you can register your interest on the Scottish Government ScotStat website.
© Crown Copyright 2026 SG/2026/184
List of all data tables
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Table 1.01(a) | Population and vital events, Scotland, annual averages 1855-60 to 2021-25 |
Table 1.01(b) | Population and vital events, Scotland, 1971 to 2025 |
Table 1.02 | Births, stillbirths, deaths, marriages and civil partnerships, numbers and rates, Scotland, quarterly, 2009 to 2025 |
Table 1.03 | Estimated population, births, stillbirths, deaths, marriages and civil partnerships, numbers and rates, by administrative area, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 1.04 | Births, deaths and death rates, by administrative area, resident and not resident in Scotland, 2025 |
Table 1.05 | Standardised mortality ratios (based on Scotland experience) for selected causes, by administrative area, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 1.06 | International populations and vital statistics rates, selected countries, latest available figures |
Table 1.07 | Summary comparisons with other countries of the United Kingdom |
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Table 2.01 | Adoptions, Scotland, 1930 to 2025 |
Table 2.02 | Adoptions by age of child and relationship of the adopter(s), 2025 |
Table 2.03 | Adoptions by type of adoption, 1999 to 2025 |
Table 2.04 | Adoptions by type of adopter(s), 1999 to 2025 |
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Table 3.01a | Live births, numbers and percentages, by age of mother and marital status of parents, Scotland, annual averages, 1946-50 to 2021-2025 |
Table 3.01b | Live births, numbers and percentages, by age of mother and marital status of parents, Scotland, 2000 to 2025 |
Table 3.02 | Live births, numbers and percentages by marital status of parents and type of registration, Scotland, 1974 to 2025 |
Table 3.03 | Live births outside marriage, numbers and percentages, by age of mother and type of registration, Scotland, 1974 to 2025 |
Table 3.04 | Crude birth rate, gross and net reproduction rates and general and total fertility rates, Scotland, 1971 to 2025 |
Table 3.05 | Age-specific fertility rates, Scotland, 1971 to 2025 |
Table 3.06 | Age-specific fertility rates, per 1,000 female population, Scotland, 1951 to 2025 |
Table 3.07a | Cumulative fertility, by assumed birth cohort and selected age, Scotland, up to 2025 |
Table 3.07b | Cumulative fertility for selected assumed birth cohorts, by age last birthday, Scotland, up to 2025 |
Table 3.07c | Cumulative fertility, 1935 to 2010 assumed birth cohorts, by age last birthday, Scotland, up to 2025 |
Table 3.08 | Live births, numbers and fertility rates by marital status of parents, type of registration and administrative area, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 3.09 | Live births, by country of birth of mother and administrative area, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 3.10 | Live births, by country of birth of mother and country of birth of father, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 3.11 | Live births, stillbirths and maternities, by sex of child, marital status of parents and age of mother, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 3.12 | Age-specific maternity rates, fertility rates and stillbirth rates per 1,000 women, by sex of child, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 3.13 | Live births by country of birth of mother, Scotland, 2015, 2020, 2023 to 2025 |
Table 3.14 | Live births, stillbirths and maternities, by sex of child, marital status of parents and age of mother, Scotland and administrative areas, 2025 |
Table 3.15 | Live births, numbers by age of mother and age of father, and the average ages of mothers and fathers, Scotland, 2025 |
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Table 4.01 | Live births, stillbirths, perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal and infant deaths, Scotland 1946 to 2025 |
Table 4.02 | Live births, stillbirths, perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal and infant deaths rates, Scotland 1946 to 2025 |
Table 4.03 | Infant death rates, by age, Scotland 1946 to 2025 |
Table 4.04 | Stillbirths, by sex and cause, Scotland 2011 to 2025 |
Table 4.05 | Infant deaths, by sex and cause, Scotland 2011 to 2025 |
Table 4.06 | Stillbirth rates, by sex and cause, Scotland 2011 to 2025 |
Table 4.07 | Infant death rates, by sex and cause, Scotland 2011 to 2025 |
Table 4.08 | Stillbirths by age of mother and father, 2025 |
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Table 5.01(a) | Death rates, by sex and age, Scotland, 1946-50 to 2021-2025 |
Table 5.01(b) | Death rates, by sex and age, Scotland, 2001 to 2025 |
Table 5.02 | Deaths by sex, age, and administrative area, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 5.03 | Deaths by country of birth of deceased, Scotland, 1971 to 2025 |
Table 5.04 | Deaths by sex, age, and ethnic group, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 5.05 | Age-standardised mortality rates, all ages, Scotland |
Table 5.06 | Age-standardised mortality rates, under 75s, Scotland |
Table 5.07 | Age standardised mortality rates, all ages, by administrative area |
Table 5.08 | Age standardised mortality rates, under 75s, by administrative area |
Table 5.09 | Deaths by location of death, 2000 to 2025 |
Table 5.10 | Deaths by occupation, over 16s, 2025 |
Table 5.11 | Deaths expected and excess deaths by sex and age, Scotland, 2011 to 2025 |
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Table 6.01 | Deaths by sex and cause, Scotland, 2011 to 2025 |
Table 6.02(a) | Deaths by sex, age and cause, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 6.02(b) | Death rates by sex, age and cause, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 6.03(a) | Deaths by sex, cause and council area, 2025 |
Table 6.03(b) | Deaths by sex, cause and health board area, 2025 |
Table 6.04 | Deaths by sex, age and detailed cause, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 6.05 | Death rates from malignant neoplasms (all sites), by sex and age, Scotland, 1950 to 2025 |
Table 6.06 | Death rates from malignant neoplasms, by sex, age and selected sites, Scotland, 1950 to 2025 |
Table 6.07 | Death rates from ischaemic heart disease, by sex and age, Scotland, 1950 to 2025 |
Table 6.08 | Death rates from cerebrovascular disease, by sex and age, Scotland, 1950 to 2025 |
Table 6.09 | Accidental deaths by cause of death, Scotland, 2000 to 2025 |
Table 6.10 | Deaths from road transport accidents, by sex and age, Scotland, 1946 to 2025 |
Table 6.11 | Deaths involving Clostridium difficile and MRSA, Scotland, 2000 to 2025 |
Table 6.12 | Hypothermia deaths by sex, 2000 to 2025 |
Table 6.13 | Deaths from poisoning, by sex, cause and substance, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 6.14 | Deaths aged under 90, years of working life and life to age 90 lost due to mortality from selected causes, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 6.15 | Leading causes of death, by sex and age, Scotland, 2025 |
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Table 7.01a | Persons married, by sex and age, Scotland, five year averages, 1946-1950 to 2016-2020 |
Table 7.01b | Persons married, by sex and age, Scotland, 1974 to 2025 |
Table 7.02 | Same-sex marriages, by sex and marital status, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 7.03a | Mean age at marriage, by sex and marital status, Scotland, 1855 to 2025 |
Table 7.03b | Number of persons married, by sex and marital status, Scotland, 1974 to 2025 |
Table 7.04 | Married persons, percentages by marital status of persons marrying, Scotland, 1855 to 2025 |
Table 7.05 | Marriages, religious forms and other beliefs, by selected denomination, 2014 to 2025 |
Table 7.06 | Marriages, numbers and percentages, by method of celebration, Scotland, 1946 to 2025 |
Table 7.07 | Marriages, by denomination, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 7.08 | Marriages, by country of birth of each party, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 7.09 | Marriages, by country of birth of each party, Scotland, 2025 |
Table 7.10 | Civil Partnerships, by sex, Scotland, 2005 to 2025 |
Table 7.11 | Civil Partnerships, sex and age groups in combination of younger partner and older partner, 2025 |
Table 7.12 | Civil Partnerships, by country of birth of each party, 2025 |
